Top 5 beautiful quartz countertops from vsb surfaces. Solid surface countertops are hard and resist bacterial growth. Top 5 beautiful quartz countertops from vsb surfaces

 
 Solid surface countertops are hard and resist bacterial growthTop 5 beautiful quartz countertops from vsb surfaces  Granite

Back. Calacatta Arno. 3. While it is relatively cheaper, bear in mind that the installation cost may be costly. Attractive appearance: For many buyers, the chief benefit of the quartz countertop is its natural luster. Follow these tips to keep your countertops beautiful and hopefully stain free! For more ways to stay on top of home maintenance, check out our Home Care Guide tips. Quartzite countertops have only recently become a top choice for kitchen countertops following the rise in popularity of white and gray colors in kitchen design. Here are the top eight kitchen countertop materials: 1. In 1993, Mark Davis founded Jerome Cheese Company in Jerome, Idaho. The Calacatta Abezzo quartz countertop combines a soft white background with earthy veining that brings a touch of nature into your kitchen. For a more traditional look, consider using a quartz countertop with a wooden base to create a warm and inviting feeling in the kitchen. “Imagine a surface that’s as durable as it is beautiful. Top 5 beautiful Quartz Countertops. Leathered Finish: Another option for a dramatic and one-of-a-kind look is a leathered finish. Not only is this engineered stone used for its. Visit Wilsonart’s website to learn more about this stunning solid-surface. Get Inspired With 10 Quartz Countertop Ideas. This quartz countertop features a lovely neutral base with subtle white veining to create dimension and interest. The total number of quartz slabs used in countertops determines the cost, and the typical space that quartz slabs cover in counters is 48 square feet. Raphael Stone: One of the Top Quartz Brands. Quartz flooring is usually preferred for. Cambria holds the distinction of being the world's only quartz countertop company founded on the most unlikely item: cheese. Because of the matte finish, the quartz countertops are smooth to the touch with a soft texture. $40 to $100 per square foot. Most homeowners find themselves spending $75 to $100 per square foot. 15 Stunning Ideas for Your Kitchen Countertop. One of the top choices for kitchen countertops is granite. Color: White. 2. Concrete is no different, but due to the difficulty of installation, it can add $400 or more to the cost of the countertop. Visit Wilsonart’s website to learn more about this stunning solid-surface. Michelangelo Quartz is a premium engineered stone that replicates the timeless beauty of natural marble while providing enhanced durability and low maintenance. Top 5 beautiful. Procurement. The first brand name many consumers came. Black Pearl Granite. 7 Kitchens With Glamorous Cabinetry & Quartz Countertop Pairings. Dry fit the quartz slab. While it might be cheaper upfront, paying for. The countertop overlay thickness is about 13 mm. 6684 Caldera Caesarstone quartz is a beautiful dark brown countertop option that features light beige and brown. You may need to do a double-take. In 2023, many people will be choosing Calacatta quartz for their home remodel. Because limestone is softer than quartz, marble, and granite, it’s more susceptible to damage like chipping, scratching, and cracking. It’s easy to see why polished granite is the most popular countertop choice among homeowners. The owner of this kitchen used a great mix of browns and black for their granite countertop that has straight edges. Wipe with a soft rag and mild dish soap. Select a material that will suit the style of your house and your cooking style. Its non porous and high resistance to staining makes it a great choice for any of the spaces in your kitchen or bathroom or even outdoors. 13. Gibraltar’s half-inch thick, 100 percent acrylic-based surface products are solid, nonporous, and do not require sealing. While quartz countertops cost less than real. Explore our newest designs. When evaluating countertop options, granite is truly one of the most beautiful, durable and versatile that you will find. Thanks to technological advances with. This makes it a viable option if you are on a budget. The durability of this engineered stone ensures that it remains beautiful and flawless for years to come, even in high-traffic areas. A surface that allows you to create the look and design you’ve always wanted. View 76 homes for sale in La Center, WA at a median listing home price of $625,000. That’s it! Just a small squirt on a wet soft cloth is all you need to wipe up your quartz countertops and keep them clean. VSB Surfaces is a leading exporter of natural stone products in the world. At RTA, we strongly believe that granite and concrete are the best outdoor kitchen countertops options. Scratches and minor nicks can be sanded down with an oscillating sander and fine-grit sandpaper. Quartz weighs about 6. Thanks to all our customers, employees and… Wooden base. Here’s our comparison of solid surface vs quartz countertops with differences, pros and cons and cost. Imagine walking into a gorgeous reception area with this beautiful Calacatta Leon Gold™ quartz countertop stealing the show. Flooring Both Quartz and granite are excellent choices when it comes to flooring as both are durable building materials. Struggles with tough stains. Calacatta Lago quartz offers a cool white background with medium-gray veining, and its easy care requirements and durability make it ideal for a countertop seating area. Fun Fact. Cultured GraniteEngineered quartz has become a popular option for kitchen and bathroom upgrades for several reasons. Thanks to technological advances with. Our materials are chosen carefully to ensure the most durable, long-lasting outdoor kitchens possible. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":". However, it may need to be reinforced with a piece of plywood, so that extra step. 5-12. Walking down a woodland trail, one generally will not encounter a striking stone like white quartz. Calacatta Magnum {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"css","path":"css","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"fonts","path":"fonts","contentType. VSB Group’s Post VSB Group 1,171 followers 1y EditedWooden base. Here’s an overview of the process of making granite slabs. Each of these manufacturers offers a wide selection of quartz products that can fit into any kitchen style. Like solid surface, quartz has synthetic additives that stabilize the material and eliminate natural stone's unpredictability. These work surfaces create a luxe look that can provide a striking. Read below to check out some of the top quality Quartz stones you could use for your spaces. Quartz Countertops. Granite. It’s easy to see why polished granite is the most popular countertop choice among homeowners. Thanks to advancing technology, the product continues to improve in terms of quality and appearance. Orange Quartz Kitchen Countertop. Best of all, the darker surface of Black Pearl is ideal. When it comes to Granite, as it is all naturally found, we get what we see. Calacatta Abezzo. In this efficient eat-in kitchen, the white cabinetry, table, walls, and accessories needed a punch of color to highlight the spectacular architecture, and our Midnight Majesty quartz countertop was just what. While a preformed or laminate countertop will set you back a few hundred dollars, quartz countertops cost between $70 to $100 per sq. Blue Natural Stone Countertops are rare in nature. The first form of granite after mining is a very rough form. 2 cm are the least expensive. Contact Us. It has a high variation of veining throughout the surface, similar to that found in marble. When solid-surface material was introduced in the late 1960s by Dupont, it was regarded as a high-end countertop material. Most common finish for granite, marble, engineered stone. Granite Countertops (average cost per square foot): Common colors: $40 – $60; Exotic or rare colors: $60 – $100; Premium or luxury colors: $100 – $200+ 2. Like this example, you can use it in a more neutral, low-contrast bathroom design. Specialties: Verona Quartz Surfaces Is A Wholesale First Choice Quartz Countertop Brand. The use of warm water is more than enough for regular cleaning granite countertops and granite-safe cleaning products must be used during thorough cleaning sessions. Bold & Dramatic. Multi Coloured Quartz Kitchen Countertop. 5” in width, length, and thickness. Quartz . Solid surface can also be. Albatros, Calacatta Hera, Calacatta Oceania. Vena Carbona quartz is an excellent option for anyone looking for a more neutral countertop. Dekton. The first and most obvious reason to extend your backsplash beyond the standard 4”-mark is protection; in this sense, quartz is the perfect material for your modern design. Average Cost. Solid Surface. The look of a classic white kitchen will never go out of style. Indian granite colors: Top 10 best granites from VSB SURFACES Jan 17, 2023. In 2022, 100% of the portfolio was produced with HybriQ® Technology, silica level was already maximum 50%. A visit to one of our showrooms will reveal over 100 quartz colors for your countertops. Quartz countertops are sold in a variety of thicknesses, ranging from 1 to 3 cm. Quartz is an excellent choice for vertical surfaces, like. Calacatta Arno. The Do's. CRISP WHITE WATERFALL. Like natural stone options, white quartz countertops come with a lot of design flexibility and room for customization. It is the most practical material to mount to the top of a wood cabinet, the lifespan of which is far shorter than quartz and granite. Here are 25 beautiful granite countertops ideas and designs: 1. CAESARSTONE. • Granite. 5. Their products are made from high-quality quartz crystals that are mixed with pigments and resins to create a wide variety of colors and patterns. It has a high variation of veining throughout the surface, similar to that found in marble. The matching 6-inch backsplash is both functional and beautiful. Disadvantages of Limestone. Discover a visual symphony of movement with six depth-defying new designs. With solid surface, you can avoid visible joints or seams. Granite countertops will cost you around $35 to $100 per square foot and up if the granite is considered "high end. You can find finishes that replicate the look of granite, marble and concretes, so the drawbacks are minimal. We specialize in #rough blocks, #processed slabs, cut to sizes and other intricate designs. This bathroom features a black, white. Glossy Countertops. The Top 8 Quartz Countertop Brands. Sebring Design Build. vscode","path":". The marble section is ideal for food preparation and cooking, with the wood creating an inviting surface to socialize and pull up a bar stool. Glass tiles can be an excellent complement to granite countertops because they are glossy like the granite. 7 Kitchens With Glamorous Cabinetry & Quartz Countertop Pairings. “With quartz, the artificial pigments that are added allow homeowners a wide variety of. While tile backsplashes are common in kitchens, you can use the same. com. Monochromatic countertop design. Let us put your mind at ease. Solid Surface; Laminate; Sinks; Kitchen Visualizer; Precision Process; Design Guide;. Countertops made from these stones are costly, porous, and prone to staining if proper maintenance and care aren't given. Engineered quartz adds a lot of texture to your kitchen by making it look more appealing. White quartz countertops, in particular, are difficult to repair because repairs are more obvious. By Appointment Only. There are harder building materials, such as quartz, but granite is durable enough to withstand most common use. Thus, the overall quartz countertop cost will be around $2000 to $4500. When you hear about solid surface, one thing comes to mind; sturdy and stable base. Quartz countertops colors range from icy white tones to midnight black tones. 112 matching items. The material can be curved using a thermoforming process, enabling it to be customized to your unique specifications. With countertop showrooms across Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, we carry a large range of surfacing materials including marble, granite, and quartz. . In fact, it is the fourth hardest natural stone and is often mentioned in the same breath as topaz and diamond. This is especially true when the homeowner requires specialty cutouts or edge treatments. Potential homebuyers may be disappointed to find out that the beautiful stone counter is actually a fake. The eye is drawn towards the beautiful windows that flood the room with natural light. Quartz is undeniably one of the best countertop materials available in terms of both appearance and durability. The pure white background with subtle veining in pale gray is the perfect counterpoint to darker materials. You can give your space a luxurious look using the man-made stone as a beautiful backsplash, fabulous flooring, or stunning shower surrounds. in-store pickup. Most people do it at least once a. MSI Quartz is designed to naturally repel all the germs that most countertops tend to attract. Then firmly, but gently wipe down the countertops. Modern homeowners have a discerning eye for style, and they're prioritizing surfaces and finishes that are modern, elegant, and built to last. On the other hand, the solid surface is. Mix of brown and black granite. The prices shown above are for the slabs and installation alone; you can expect to be charged. LET YOUR QUARTZ COUNTERTOP SETTLE. Add an extra 1 or ½ inch to your measurements. The durability of this engineered stone ensures that it remains beautiful and flawless for years to come, even in high-traffic areas. Black Pearl: It’s so perfect. This double 72" wide bathroom vanity balances convenient storage and glam style in your spacious bathroom. Thickness. More recent decades, however, have seen the use of newer material choices such as concrete, engineered stones, solid surfaces and even. If you wish to add a hint of whimsy that softens. While all three materials are tough, quartz is non-porous and less susceptible to staining or etching from acidic substances. “With quartz, the artificial pigments that are added allow homeowners a wide variety of. A white quartz countertop with subtle gray veining, like this Monterey counter, adds just enough depth to let it stand out from the white cabinets. Both quartz and granite countertops come in various thicknesses, typically ranging. Thickness: 1. Natural stone coming soon. Choose between square, curved, or rounded edges for your quartz outer edges. Square foot pricing does not include sink cut-outs, custom edge profiles, demolition, plumbing, backsplash, material waste, or adding support. Indian granite colors: Top 10 best granites from VSB SURFACES Jan 17, 2023 Is Quartz Granite natural or engineered stones. Pros. Raphael Stone offers a wide selection of both countertop and backsplash panels. Viscont White: Naturally wild and white, this color is also one of the toughest granites available With this granite, you find luxury in white for your spaces. So, this cost includes in it the material, labor, and finishing charges. It’s one of the earth’s most abundant minerals, so it’s readily available, reducing its environmental impact as compared to other natural stones. Top 5 beautiful Quartz Countertops from VSB Surfaces Jun 23, 2022 Granite – It’s Uses. 6. 2. First and foremost, the largely black background is lightly dappled with dots of gray, brown, and green, as well as gold and silver flecks, offering an enchanting, if subtle, tableau. This cherrywood countertop is an oil-finished butcher’s block and measures 18” x 25” x 1. Environment-Friendly Quartz is made from locally sourced and repurposed minerals, making it more eco-friendly than granite. Low maintenance but infinitely stylish, these are the final flourish when it comes to your dream kitchen. They do not require sealing and are non-porous. Granite is one of the stones that can withstand the maximum heat, which is around 500 degree Fahrenheit. A lot of quartz comes in solid colors, so this is the perfect opportunity to select a lovely colored or neutral countertop and pair it with tile patterns that are the statement piece of the space. One notable difference between quartz countertops and natural stone is their uniformity in color and pattern. Our Limestone Looks echo the ancient rock form, delivering its timeless, rugged beauty – and it’s guaranteed to stay just as beautiful for years to come. Lately, quartz countertops have become an ideal solution for modern homeowners. Quartz kitchen countertops are a beautiful and durable way to upgrade any kitchen. A surface that allows you to create the look and design you’ve always wanted. 6. These beautiful veined quartz countertops mimic the movement and color of natural stone without the hassle. The light brown background introduces its own color in to the scheme, while the different flecks of color. Solid surface countertops are also available in a wide variety of colors and styles. Now let’s find out, “what are quartz countertops made of?”. San Antonio: (210) 487-0255. Not only is this engineered stone used for its. CALACATTA QUARTZ. Granite is a harder material than marble, and contains about 60% quartz, with the remaining as feldspar, mica and iron. Step 1 Natural quartz is extracted from quarries worldwide. Fully stocked name-brand solid surface is more expensive, of course, but not much more. Top 5 Tile Trends 2023: Irresistible Kitchen and Bath Styles. 35 Home Design Trends on the Rise in 2023. Inspiration is a click away! Visit one of our local countertop galleries to see and experience our beautiful quartz. 08 of 12. Granite often contains visible crystals of quartz and other minerals, while marble typically features contrasting veins on a solid background. 25,000 to 500,000. Why Use Quartz For An Island Countertop? Quartz offers a convenient way to bring a luxurious look to a space without the typical concerns accompanying luxe items. Black Galaxy Granite is an excellent choice for countertops, offering a luxurious and elegant look to any kitchen or bathroom. Ease of Maintenance Natural stone. However, this is greatly depending on the brand and Quartz slab of choice, thicknesses and quality rating. 5 Beautiful Bathrooms With Quartz Countertops Here are some of the top performance advantages of using MSI quartz countertops for your kitchen renovation. Vena Carbona Quartz. 6 Stunning New Quartz Countertop Colors To Satisfy Any Space. Your Complete. Premium Natural Quartz Frost White: In this project. Use a 1. There are harder building materials, such as quartz, but granite is durable enough to withstand most common use. TriNova. Fiberpol Technologies stocks the widest range of acrylic solid surface countertop colours in Trinidad. It also comes in 30″ x 25″. We specialize in #rough blocks, #processed slabs, cut to sizes and other intricate designs. Whether you’re a fan of a modern aesthetic, industrial-chic, or rustic charm, Meridian Gray Quartz countertops match a variety of decorating styles. Both quartz and granite countertops come in various thicknesses, typically ranging. Limitless Design. It looks fantastic and performs better than granite. Quartz leads the way if you want the look of stone for your countertops, whereas Corian offers a more contemporary appearance. Explore surface patterns, colours, and edges for a look that inspires! Complete your vision with upgrades such as cabinets, new appliances, backsplash, and more. Inspiration is a click away! Visit one of our local countertop galleries to see and experience our beautiful quartz. Quartz is the most common material used for this. In addition to countertops, granite is an ideal material for backsplashes, kitchen island tops and other surfaces. There are a few quartz countertop colors to choose from as each offers something unique. Quartz counters are durable and simple to keep clean and they will last a lifetime. Ultra-clean and hygienic, this is a surface you can feel great about your entire. Solid surface is the term for a type of heavy polymer-laden countertop material. Solid Surface adds ease to every day with reliable durability, impact resistance, and nearly effortless maintenance. This quartz countertop features a lovely neutral base with subtle white veining to create dimension and interest. At just 10 years old, Dekton countertops are one of the newer options on this list, but their high durability and heat resistance are second to none. Calacatta Miraggio Quartz. Quartz stone is widely used by homeowners and professionals. 4 DIY Tricks To Clean Black Quartz Countertops. Moonstone (Quartz) ₱ 6,200 per sqm. Let's tally the pros: Quartz is low maintenance, resilient to staining and etching, and always looks new, Black says. Staron. This countertop option pairs perfectly with a kitchen or bathroom using warm gold or brass fixtures and hardware throughout the space — tying in. These work surfaces create a luxe look that can provide a striking. For a comfortable seating area, you’ll need an overhang of 12 to 15 inches, and quartz needs less additional overhang support than many other types of countertop material. Quartz countertops typically cost between $50 and $200 per square foot. Commonly used for countertops, tabletops, and flooring, this man-made product is made entirely of natural materials, 90 percent is. Top 10 best granites from VSB SURFACES. Family-owned and American-made, Cambria quartz countertops and surfaces combine innovative. Calacatta quartz is timelessly elegant. Rustic Noir Solid Surface Kitchen Sink. Bear in mind Daltile offers “extra-large slabs”, so they are a good choice if your kitchen is large. Superior durability. Caeserstone was founded in 1987. The standard kitchen is 40 square feet dimension for countertop space. Granite is a great material and is considered as sustainable as Quartz. They are best used in bathrooms where a contemporary styling is desired, but they can also work well in heavy-use family bathrooms. Iced White Quartz, as shown here, is a soft shade of white with pale gray accents that add movement and depth, making it easy to coordinate with any other décor. Quartz countertops cost anywhere from $55 per square foot up to $140 per square foot. This example combines Victorian design with a modern look. Another benefit of solid surface material is that it only weighs 5 pounds per square foot compared to 18 to 20 pounds per square foot of granite and 16 to 23 pounds per square foot of quartz. Hence it is considered one of the most sustainable countertop options. Your best choices are natural stone, concrete or tile. Keep the Pacific Salt center stage in the décor by. Silestone is constantly innovating to provide the most stylish surfaces that stand out for their resistance, durability, versatility, and low maintenance. Azteca Granite. Here’s an overview of the process of making granite slabs. Quartz countertops colors range from icy white tones to midnight black tones. Pros: Best for adding the beauty of stone to a low-traffic kitchen. Seams: Countertop size is not limited to the sizes of the quartz countertop slabs, but adjacent slabs will have. Countertop Experts. The dark gray nature of these slabs delivers a. Thickness. Address. Create a rustic aesthetic by pairing this countertop with. Chiseled: Also called broken edge or rock face, this rustic edge resembles rough stone or wood in its natural state. A softer white with subtly blended undertones, like Caesarstone’s 4600 Organic White makes for a beautiful white quartz kitchen island. Read more With quartz countertops, the pros outweigh the cons. This brown quartz countertop is the perfect blend of light and dark tones for this kitchen design. If you do not like over-the-top home designs, plain white quartz countertops with pastel-coloured accessories are a good idea. For those who crave the look of marble, minus the upkeep, Carrara Grigio Quartz is a beautiful choice. We specialize in #rough blocks, #processed slabs, cut to sizes and other intricate designs. 5 mm. Black Galaxy Granite is an excellent choice for countertops, offering a luxurious and elegant look to any kitchen or bathroom. Its white base is adorned with intricate gray and bold black veining, creating a beautiful and eye-catching contrast. of countertops that translates into countertops that weight only 300 pounds rather than tops that can weigh more than 1,300. White and cream quartz colors are classic and timeless, and will offer the most flexibility when it comes to complementing elements in a room. Frost White Quartz prefabricated countertops are the perfect choice for this contemporary, sun-soaked kitchen. Trend #5. Albatros, Calacatta Hera, Calacatta Oceania. For a comfortable seating area, you’ll need an overhang of 12 to 15 inches, and quartz needs less additional overhang support than many other types of countertop material. They are highly resistant to chemicals, stains, heat, and moisture. It's a good option if you're looking for more of a background accent. Cambria Consultation. Quartz countertops are as strong and durable as natural stone and resist scratches, cuts, and chipping. Visit our website for more information on our countertops and browse our current selection. Quartz. Safe to use with quartz, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, and slate. Create a rustic aesthetic by pairing this. Quartz is considered the highest-end countertop material and will enhance the appearance and value of most homes. This masterful. Photo: istockphoto. Sonora Gray. 1. Gray Nuevo Granite. Each piece has a different veining, and is beautiful in its own way. For example, you can pick up an attractive Formica granite in 30 inches x 145 inches x 0. Lowest Cost. The natural stone will generally cost between $32 to $75 per square foot. Formica is transitioning its solid surfaces from polyester to 100-percent acrylic. Its near diamond-hard surface resists heat, scratches, and stains, and protects against mold and mildew. Here are a few ideas for your kitchen: 1. Let's explore its installation process, advantages, and maintenance tips. The countertop of this unit collects a lot of dust, and it’s quite difficult to maintain a wooden top while cleaning it with a damp cloth. Granite will easily hold up against the normal wear and tear of a bathroom. This means you can feel safe and secure installing it in your kitchen or bathroom, regardless of how much wear and tear you throw at it. Look for discount/clearance. The biggest performance advantage of MSI quartz countertops is that they are highly durable. White and cream quartz colors are classic and timeless, and will offer the most flexibility when it comes to complementing elements in a room. Calacatta Lago quartz offers a cool white background with medium-gray veining, and its easy care requirements and durability make it ideal for a countertop seating area. Shop. The added thickness can withstand heavier weight, making it well suited for. ft. Choose All-White Quartz to Lighten the Mood. Though most of the countertop is comprised of quartz, up to 15% of the countertop may be resin and color pigments. Design: Urban Habitat One of the biggest advantages to solid surface countertops is that it is extremely malleable, meaning you can avoid visible joints and seams which isn’t possible with other materials like granite, marble or quartz. 2. Heart-stoppingly beautiful, this mesmerizing granite is ideal for a massive waterfall island, as well as a perimeter counter and backsplash combination. . Quartz countertops are relatively bactericidal and easy to keep. Durable and resistant to scratches and stains;. Top 5 beautiful Quartz Countertops from VSB Surfaces Jun 23, 2022 Granite countertops need to be maintained well, else over time they lose their shine, get scratched, and sometimes even cracked. Offerings like these make solid surfaces look less homogeneous and more like real stone. In these cases, there are many options that you have for new. Lakeside Surfaces is Michigan's premier granite & quartz countertop installer & fabricator!. Heat. The surface is a beautiful blend of white and grey. If you must put something hot on your quartz countertops, use a trivet with padded feet. Make your Cambria® dream kitchen a reality. Installing a quartz countertop is a straightforward process and can be completed in a few hours, depending on the design and size, and you can use it right away. How to save money on slate countertops: Choose tiles over slabs. This gorgeous blue and white kitchen by Brooklyn-based interior design firm White Arrow features a quartz countertop that is a dead ringer for Carrera marble. Durability: Quartz is an extremely tough product, with great resistance to damage from staining, chipping and scratching. It has great smooth surfaces that are a good balance of beautiful and strong. Incredibly durable, granite is a long-lasting countertop pick. Available in a wide range of colors and patterns, quartz typically ranks close in popularity to the perennial top. Unlike polished countertops, matte counters are more subtle with their non-reflective surface, allowing the slab’s natural beauty to shine through. From solid neutrals and bold hues to natural stone styles to concrete looks, quartz comes in a wide array of shades and patterns to perfectly suit any interior design project. Cultured Granite One of the most attractive features of engineered quartz is just how strong and durable it is. Wood tops come polyurethaned or sealed with oil. The combination of these materials results in a stunning surface that. White quartz countertops, in particular, are difficult to repair because repairs are more obvious.